std::list<T,Allocator>::back

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< cpp‎ | container‎ | list

 
 
Containers library
Sequence
(C++11)
Associative
Unordered associative
Adaptors
Views
(C++20)
 
 
reference back();
const_reference back() const;

Returns a reference to the last element in the container.

Calling back on an empty container causes undefined behavior.

Parameters

(none)

Return value

Reference to the last element.

Complexity

Constant.

Notes

For a non-empty container c, the expression c.back() is equivalent to *std::prev(c.end())

Example

The following code uses back to display the last element of a std::list<char>:

#include <list>
#include <iostream>
 
int main()
{
    std::list<char> letters {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'};
 
    if (!letters.empty()) {
        std::cout << "The last character is '" << letters.back() << "'.\n";
    }  
}

Output:

The last character is 'f'.

See also

access the first element
(public member function)