Dynamic exception specification (until C++17)

 

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Exceptions

throw-expression

function-try-block

try/catch block

noexcept specifier(C++11)

noexcept operator(C++11)

Dynamic exception specification(until C++17)

 

Lists the exceptions that a function might directly or indirectly throw.

Syntax

throw(type-id-list(optional))	(1)	(deprecated in C++11) (removed in C++17)

1) Explicit dynamic exception specification

type-id-list

-

comma-separated list of type-ids, a type-id representing a pack expansion is followed by an ellipsis (...) (since C++11)

An explicit dynamic exception specification shall appear only on a function declarator for a function type, pointer to function type, reference to function type, or pointer to member function type that is the top-level type of a declaration or definition, or on such a type appearing as a parameter or return type in a function declarator.

void f() throw(int);            // OK: function declaration
void (*pf)() throw (int);       // OK: pointer to function declaration
void g(void pfa() throw(int));  // OK: pointer to function parameter declaration
typedef int (*pf)() throw(int); // Error: typedef declaration

Explanation

If a function is declared with type T listed in its dynamic exception specification, the function may throw exceptions of that type or a type derived from it.

Incomplete types, pointers or references to incomplete types other than cv void*, and rvalue reference types (since C++11) are not allowed in the exception specification. Array and function types, if used, are adjusted to corresponding pointer types, top level cv-qualifications are also dropped. parameter packs are allowed (since C++11).

A dynamic exception specification whose set of adjusted types is empty (after any packs are expanded) (since C++11) is non-throwing. A function with a non-throwing dynamic exception specification does not allow any exceptions.

A dynamic exception specification is not considered part of a function’s type.

If the function throws an exception of the type not listed in its exception specification, the function std::unexpected is called. The default function calls std::terminate, but it may be replaced by a user-provided function (via std::set_unexpected) which may call std::terminate or throw an exception. If the exception thrown from std::unexpected is accepted by the exception specification, stack unwinding continues as usual. If it isn't, but std::bad_exception is allowed by the exception specification, std::bad_exception is thrown. Otherwise, std::terminate is called.

Potential exceptions

Each function f, pointer to function pf, and pointer to member function pmf has a set of potential exceptions, which consists of types that might be thrown. Set of all types indicates that any exception may be thrown. This set is defined as follows:

1) If the declaration of f, pf, or pmf uses a dynamic exception specification that does not allow all exceptions (until C++11), the set consists of the types listed in that specification.

2) Otherwise, if the declaration of f, pf, or pmf uses noexcept(true), the set is empty.

(since C++11)

3) Otherwise, the set is the set of all types.

Note: for implicitly-declared special member functions (constructors, assignment operators, and destructors) and for the inheriting constructors (since C++11), the set of potential exceptions is a combination of the sets of the potential exceptions of everything they would call: constructors/assignment operators/destructors of non-variant non-static data members, direct bases, and, where appropriate, virtual bases (including default argument expressions, as always)

Each expression e has a set of potential exceptions. The set is empty if e is a core constant expression, otherwise, it is the union of the sets of potential exceptions of all immediate subexpressions of e (including default argument expressions), combined with another set that depends on the form of e, as follows:

1) If e is a function call expression, let g denote the function, function pointer, or pointer to member function that is that is called, then

• if the declaration of g uses a dynamic exception specification, the set of potential exceptions of g is added to the set;

if the declaration of g uses noexcept(true), the set is empty;

(since C++11)

• otherwise, the set is the set of all types.

2) If e calls a function implicitly (it's an operator expression and the operator is overloaded, it is a new-expression and the allocation function is overloaded, or it is a full expression and the destructor of a temporary is called), then the set is the set of that function.

3) If e is a throw-expression, the set is the exception that would be initialized by its operand, or the set of all types for the re-throwing throw-expression (with no operand).

4) If e is a dynamic_cast to a reference to a polymorphic type, the set consists of std::bad_cast.

5) If e is a typeid applied to a dereferenced pointer to a polymorphic type, the set consists of std::bad_typeid.

6) If e is a new-expression with a non-constant array size, and the selected allocation function has a non-empty set of potential exceptions, the set consists of std::bad_array_new_length.

(since C++11)

void f() throw(int); // f()'s set is "int"
void g();            // g()'s set is the set of all types
 
struct A { A(); };                  // "new A"'s set is the set of all types
struct B { B() noexcept; };         // "B()"'s set is empty
struct D() { D() throw (double); }; // new D's set is the set of all types

All implicitly-declared member functions and inheriting constructors (since C++11)have exception specifications, selected as follows:

• If the set of potential exceptions is the set of all types, the implicit exception specification allows all exceptions (the exception specification is considered present, even though it is inexpressible in code and behaves as if there is no exception specification) (until C++11)is noexcept(false) (since C++11).
• Otherwise, If the set of potential exceptions is not empty, the implicit exception specification lists every type from the set.
• Otherwise, the implicit exception specification is throw() (until C++11)noexcept(true) (since C++11).

struct A
{
    A(int = (A(5), 0)) noexcept;
    A(const A&) throw();
    A(A&&) throw();
    ~A() throw(X);
};
 
struct B
{
    B() throw();
    B(const B&) = default; // exception specification is "noexcept(true)"
    B(B&&, int = (throw Y(), 0)) noexcept;
    ~B() throw(Y);
};
 
int n = 7;
struct D : public A, public B
{
    int * p = new (std::nothrow) int[n];
    // D has the following implicitly-declared members:
    // D::D() throw(X, std::bad_array_new_length);
    // D::D(const D&) noexcept(true);
    // D::D(D&&) throw(Y);
    // D::~D() throw(X, Y);
};

Example

Run this code

#include <iostream>
#include <exception>
#include <cstdlib>
 
static_assert(__cplusplus < 201700, 
    "ISO C++17 does not allow dynamic exception specifications.");
 
class X {};
class Y {};
class Z : public X {};
class W {};
 
void f() throw(X, Y) 
{
    int n = 0;
    if (n) throw X(); // OK
    if (n) throw Z(); // also OK
    throw W(); // will call std::unexpected()
}
 
int main()
{
    std::set_unexpected([]
    {
        std::cout << "That was unexpected!" << std::endl; // flush needed
        std::abort();
    });
    f();
}

Output:

That was unexpected!

Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR	Applied to	Behavior as published	Correct behavior
CWG 25	C++98	the behavior of assignment and initialization between pointers to members with different exception specifications was unspecified	apply the restriction for function pointers and references
CWG 973	C++98	exception specification may contain functions types, but the corresponding function pointer conversion was not specified	specified
CWG 1267	C++11	rvalue reference types were allowed in exception specifications	not allowed
CWG 1351	C++98 C++11	default argument (C++98) and default member initializer (C++11) were ignored in implicit exception specification	made considered
CWG 1777	C++11	throw(T...) was not a non-throwing specification even if T is an empty pack	it is non-throwing if the pack is empty
CWG 2191	C++98	the set of potential exceptions of a typeid expression might contain bad_typeid even if it cannot be thrown	contains bad_typeid only if it can be thrown

See also

noexcept specifier(C++11)

specifies whether a function could throw exceptions