`return` statement

Terminates the current function and returns the specified value (if any) to the caller.

Syntax


attr(optional) `return` expression(optional) `;`	(1)

attr(optional) `return` braced-init-list `;`	(2)	(since C++11)

attr(optional) `co_return` expression(optional) `;`	(3)	(since C++20)

attr(optional) `co_return` braced-init-list `;`	(4)	(since C++20)

attr	-	(since C++11) sequence of any number of attributes
expression	-	expression, convertible to the function return type
braced-init-list	-	brace-enclosed list of initializers and other braced-init-lists

Explanation

1) Evaluates the expression, terminates the current function and returns the result of the expression to the caller, after implicit conversion to the function return type. The expression is optional in functions whose return type is (possibly cv-qualified) void, and disallowed in constructors and in destructors.

2) Uses copy-list-initialization to construct the return value of the function.

3,4) In a coroutine, the keyword co_return must be used instead of return for the final suspension point (see coroutines for details).

Notes

If control reaches the end of

a function with the return type (possibly cv-qualified) void,
a constructor,
a destructor, or
a function-try-block for a function with the return type (possibly cv-qualified) void

without encountering a return statement, return; is executed.

If control reaches the end of the main function, return 0; is executed.

Flowing off the end of a value-returning function (except main) without a return statement is undefined behavior.

In a function returning (possibly cv-qualified) void, the return statement with expression can be used, if the expression type is (possibly cv-qualified) void.

If the return type of a function is specified as a placeholder type, it will be deduced from the return value.

The copy-initialization of the result of the function call is sequenced-before the destruction of all temporaries at the end of expression, which, in turn, is sequenced-before the destruction of local variables of the block enclosing the return statement.

(since C++14)

Returning by value may involve construction and copy/move of a temporary object, unless copy elision is used. Specifically, the conditions for copy/move are as follows:

Automatic move from local variables and parameters

If expression is a (possibly parenthesized) id-expression that names a variable whose type is either

a non-volatile object type or

a non-volatile rvalue reference to object type

(since C++20)

and that variable is declared

in the body or
as a parameter of

the innermost enclosing function or lambda expression,

then overload resolution to select the constructor to use for initialization of the returned value or, for co_return, to select the overload of promise.return_value() (since C++20) is performed twice:

first as if expression were an rvalue expression (thus it may select the move constructor), and

if the first overload resolution failed or

it succeeded, but did not select the move constructor (formally, the first parameter of the selected constructor was not an rvalue reference to the (possibly cv-qualified) type of expression)

(until C++20)

then overload resolution is performed as usual, with expression considered as an lvalue (so it may select the copy constructor).

(since C++11)

Guaranteed copy elision

If expression is a prvalue, the result object is initialized directly by that expression. This does not involve a copy or move constructor when the types match (see copy elision).

(since C++17)

Keywords

return, co_return

Example

Run this code

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
 
void fa(int i)
{
    if (i == 2)
        return;
    std::cout << i << '\n';
} // implied return;
 
int fb(int i)
{
    if (i > 4)
        return 4;
    std::cout << i << '\n';
    return 2;
}
 
std::pair<std::string, int> fc(const char* p, int x)
{
    return {p, x};
}
 
void fd()
{
    return fa(10); // fa(10) is a void expression
}
 
int main()
{
    fa(2); // returns, does nothing when i==2
    fa(1); // prints its argument, then returns
 
    int i = fb(5); // returns 4
    i = fb(i);     // prints its argument, returns 2
    std::cout << i << '\n'
              << fc("Hello", 7).second << '\n';
 
    fd();
}

Output:

Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR	Applied to	Behavior as published	Correct behavior
CWG 1541	C++98	expression could not be omitted if the return type is cv-qualified void	it can be omitted
CWG 1579	C++11	return by converting move constructor was not allowed	converting move constructor lookup enabled
CWG 1885	C++14	sequencing of the destruction of automatic variables was not explicit	sequencing rules added

Compiler support
Freestanding and hosted
Language
Standard library headers
Named requirements
Feature test macros (C++20)
Language support library
Concepts library (C++20)
Metaprogramming library (C++11)
Diagnostics library
General utilities library
Strings library
Containers library
Iterators library
Ranges library (C++20)
Algorithms library
Numerics library
Localizations library
Input/output library
Filesystem library (C++17)
Regular expressions library (C++11)
Concurrency support library (C++11)
Technical specifications
Symbols index
External libraries

Labels
label : statement
Expression statements
expression ;
Compound statements
{ statement... }
Selection statements
if
switch
Iteration statements
while
do-while
for
range for(C++11)
Jump statements
break
continue
return
goto
Declaration statements
declaration ;
Try blocks
try compound-statement handler-sequence
Transactional memory
`synchronized`, `atomic_commit`, etc(TM TS)