Character sets and encodings

 

C++

Compiler support

Freestanding and hosted

Language

Standard library headers

Named requirements

Feature test macros (C++20)

Language support library

Concepts library (C++20)

Metaprogramming library (C++11)

Diagnostics library

General utilities library

Strings library

Containers library

Iterators library

Ranges library (C++20)

Algorithms library

Numerics library

Localizations library

Input/output library

Filesystem library (C++17)

Regular expressions library (C++11)

Concurrency support library (C++11)

Technical specifications

Symbols index

External libraries

 

C++ language

General topics
Preprocessor Comments	Keywords Escape sequences
Flow control
Conditional execution statements
if	switch
Iteration statements (loops)
for range-for (C++11)	while do-while
Jump statements
continue - break	goto - return
Functions
Function declaration
Lambda function expression
inline specifier
Dynamic exception specifications (until C++20)
noexcept specifier (C++11)
Exceptions
throw-expression	try-catch block
Namespaces
Namespace declaration	Namespace aliases
Types
Fundamental types Enumeration types Function types	Class/struct types Union types
Specifiers
decltype (C++11) auto (C++11) alignas (C++11)	const/volatile constexpr (C++11)
Storage duration specifiers
Initialization
Default initialization Value initialization Zero initialization Copy initialization Direct initialization	Aggregate initialization List initialization (C++11) Constant initialization Reference initialization

Expressions
Value categories Order of evaluation	Operators Operator precedence
Alternative representations
Literals
Boolean - Integer - Floating-point
Character - String - nullptr (C++11)
User-defined (C++11)
Utilities
Attributes (C++11)
Types
typedef declaration
Type alias declaration (C++11)
Casts
Implicit conversions - Explicit conversions
static_cast - dynamic_cast
const_cast - reinterpret_cast
Memory allocation
new expression	delete expression
Classes
Class declaration Constructors this pointer	Access specifiers friend specifier
Class-specific function properties
Virtual function override specifier (C++11) final specifier (C++11)	explicit (C++11) static
Special member functions
Default constructor Copy constructor Move constructor (C++11)	Copy assignment Move assignment (C++11) Destructor
Templates
Class template Function template	Template specialization Parameter packs (C++11)
Miscellaneous
Inline assembly	History of C++

 

Basic Concepts

Language keywords

Character sets and encodings

Phases of translation

Comments

The main() function

Punctuation

Names and identifiers

Types

Fundamental types

Objects

Scope

Object lifetime

Storage duration and linkage

Definitions and ODR

Name lookup

Qualified name lookup

Unqualified name lookup

The as-if rule

Undefined behavior

Memory model

Modules (C++20)

 

Current character sets (since C++23)

Translation character set

The translation character set consists of the following elements:

• each character named by ISO/IEC 10646, as identified by its unique UCS scalar value, and
• a distinct character for each UCS scalar value where no named character is assigned.

Basic character set

The basic character set is a subset of the translation character set, consisting of the following 96 characters:

Code unit	Character	Glyph
U+0009	Character tabulation
U+000B	Line tabulation
U+000C	Form feed (FF)
U+0020	Space
U+000A	Line feed (LF)	new-line
U+0021	Exclamation mark	!
U+0022	Quotation mark	"
U+0023	Number sign	#
U+0025	Percent sign	%
U+0026	Ampersand	&
U+0027	Apostrophe	'
U+0028	Left parenthesis	(
U+0029	Right parenthesis	)
U+002A	Asterisk	*
U+002B	Plus sign	+
U+002C	Comma	,
U+002D	Hyphen-minus	-
U+002E	Full stop	.
U+002F	Solidus	/
U+0030 .. U+0039	Digit zero .. nine	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
U+003A	Colon	:
U+003B	Semicolon	;
U+003C	Less-than sign	<
U+003D	Equals sign	=
U+003E	Greater-than sign	>
U+003F	Question mark	?
U+0041 .. U+005A	Latin capital letter A .. Z	A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
U+005B	Left square bracket	[
U+005C	Reverse solidus	\
U+005D	Right square bracket	]
U+005E	Circumflex accent	^
U+005F	Low line	_
U+0061 .. U+007A	Latin small letter a .. z	a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
U+007B	Left curly bracket	{
U+007C	Vertical line	|
U+007D	Right curly bracket	}
U+007E	Tilde	~

Basic literal character set

The basic literal character set consists of all characters of the basic character set, plus the following control characters:

Code unit	Character
U+0000	Null
U+0007	Bell
U+0008	Backspace
U+000D	Carriage return (CR)

Execution character set

The execution character set and the execution wide-character set are supersets of the basic literal character set. The encodings of the execution character sets and the sets of additional elements (if any) are locale-specific. Each element of execution wide-character set must be representable as a distinct wchar_t code unit.

Code unit and literal encoding

A code unit is an integer value of character type. Characters in a character literal other than a multicharacter or non-encodable character literal or in a string literal are encoded as a sequence of one or more code units, as determined by the encoding prefix; this is termed the respective literal encoding.

A literal encoding or a locale-specific encoding of one of the execution character sets encodes each element of the basic literal character set as a single code unit with non-negative value, distinct from the code unit for any other such element. A character not in the basic literal character set can be encoded with more than one code unit; the value of such a code unit can be the same as that of a code unit for an element of the basic literal character set. The encodings of the execution character sets can be unrelated to any literal encoding.

The ordinary literal encoding is the encoding applied to an ordinary character or string literal. The wide literal encoding is the encoding applied to a wide character or string literal.

The U+0000 NULL character is encoded as the value 0. No other element of the translation character set is encoded with a code unit of value 0. The code unit value of each decimal digit character after the digit 0 (U+0030) shall be one greater than the value of the previous. The ordinary and wide literal encodings are otherwise implementation-defined.

For a UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32 literal, the UCS scalar value corresponding to each character of the translation character set is encoded as specified in ISO/IEC 10646 for the respective UCS encoding form.

Pre-C++23 character sets (until C++23)

Basic source character set

The basic source character set consists of 96 characters:

• the space character,
• the control characters representing
  • horizontal tab,
  • vertical tab,
  • form feed,
  • and new-line,
• plus the following 91 graphical characters:

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

p

q

r

s

t

u

v

w

x

y

z

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

_

{

}

[

]

#

(

)

<

>

%

:

;

.

?

*

+

-

/

^

&

|

~

!

=

,

\

"

’

The glyphs for the members of the basic source character set are intended to identify characters from the subset of ISO/IEC 10646 which corresponds to the ASCII character set. However, because the mapping from source file characters to the source character set (described in translation phase 1) is specified as implementation-defined, an implementation is required to document how the basic source characters are represented in source files.

Basic execution character set

The basic execution character set and the basic execution wide-character set shall each contain all the members of the basic source character set, plus control characters representing alert, backspace, and carriage return, plus a null character (respectively, null wide character), whose value is 0.

For each basic execution character set, the values of the members shall be non-negative and distinct from one another. In both the source and execution basic character sets, the value of each character after 0 in the above list of decimal digits shall be one greater than the value of the previous.

Execution character set (Old definition)

The execution character set and the execution wide-character set are implementation-defined supersets of the basic execution character set and the basic execution wide-character set, respectively. The values of the members of the execution character sets and the sets of additional members are locale-specific.

Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR	Applied to	Behavior as published	Correct behavior
CWG 788	C++98	the values of the members of the execution character sets were implementation-defined, but were not locale-specific	they are locale-specific
CWG 1796	C++98	the representation of the null (wide) character in basic execution (wide-)character set had all zero bits	only required value to be zero

See also

ASCII chart