std::ranges::end

 

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Ranges library

Range access
begin cbegin end cend	rbegin crbegin rend crend	size ssize data cdata	empty
Range conversions
to (C++23)
Range primitives
range_size_trange_difference_t range_value_t	range_reference_trange_const_reference_trange_rvalue_reference_t   (C++23)	iterator_tconst_iterator_tsentinel_t (C++23)
Dangling iterator handling
dangling	borrowed_iterator_t	borrowed_subrange_t
Range concepts
range borrowed_range    sized_range constant_range (C++23)	common_range view viewable_range	input_range output_range forward_range	bidirectional_range random_access_range contiguous_range
Views
view_interface	subrange
Factories
empty_viewviews::empty iota_viewviews::iota	single_viewviews::single basic_istream_viewviews::istream	repeat_viewviews::repeat (C++23)(C++23)
Adaptors
ref_view views::all_tviews::all common_viewviews::common owning_view views::counted reverse_viewviews::reverse zip_viewviews::zip (C++23)(C++23) as_const_viewviews::as_const (C++23)(C++23) as_rvalue_viewviews::as_rvalue (C++23)(C++23)	take_viewviews::take take_while_viewviews::take_while drop_viewviews::drop drop_while_viewviews::drop_while zip_transform_viewviews::zip_transform (C++23)(C++23) adjacent_transform_viewviews::adjacent_transform (C++23)(C++23)   cartesian_product_viewviews::cartesian_product (C++23)(C++23)	elements_viewviews::elements keys_viewviews::keys values_viewviews::values transform_viewviews::transform adjacent_viewviews::adjacent (C++23)(C++23) slide_viewviews::slide (C++23)(C++23) stride_viewviews::stride (C++23)(C++23)	filter_viewviews::filter join_viewviews::join split_viewviews::split lazy_split_viewviews::lazy_split join_with_viewviews::join_with (C++23)(C++23) chunk_viewviews::chunk (C++23)(C++23) chunk_by_viewviews::chunk_by (C++23)(C++23)
Range adaptor objects
Range adaptor closure objects
Helper items
copyable-box	simple-view

 

Defined in header <ranges>
inline namespace /*unspecified*/ {     inline constexpr /*unspecified*/ end = /*unspecified*/; }		(since C++20) (customization point object)
Call signature
template< class T >     requires /* see below */ constexpr std::sentinel_for<ranges::iterator_t<T>> auto end( T&& t );		(since C++20)

Returns a sentinel indicating the end of a range.

Let t be an object of type T. If the argument is an lvalue or ranges::enable_borrowed_range<std::remove_cv_t<T>> is true, then a call to ranges::end is expression-equivalent to:

1. t + std::extent_v<T> if t has an array type of known bound.

   If std::remove_all_extents_t<std::remove_reference_t<T>> is incomplete, then the call to ranges::end is ill-formed, no diagnostic required.

2. Otherwise, t.end() converted to its decayed type, if that expression with conversion is valid, and its converted type models std::sentinel_for<ranges::iterator_t<T>>.
3. Otherwise, end(t) converted to its decayed type, if t has a class or enumeration type, the aforementioned unqualified call with conversion is valid, and its converted type models std::sentinel_for<ranges::iterator_t<T>>, where the overload resolution is performed with the following candidates:
   • any declarations of end found by argument-dependent lookup.
   • void end(auto&) = delete;
   • void end(const auto&) = delete;

In all other cases, a call to ranges::end is ill-formed, which can result in substitution failure when the call to ranges::end appears in the immediate context of a template instantiation.

Expression-equivalent

Expression e is expression-equivalent to expression f, if

• e and f have the same effects, and
• either both are constant subexpressions or else neither is a constant subexpression, and
• either both are potentially-throwing or else neither is potentially-throwing (i.e. noexcept(e) == noexcept(f)).

Customization point objects

The name ranges::end denotes a customization point object, which is a const function object of a literal semiregular class type. For exposition purposes, the cv-unqualified version of its type is denoted as __end_fn.

All instances of __end_fn are equal. The effects of invoking different instances of type __end_fn on the same arguments are equivalent, regardless of whether the expression denoting the instance is an lvalue or rvalue, and is const-qualified or not (however, a volatile-qualified instance is not required to be invocable). Thus, ranges::end can be copied freely and its copies can be used interchangeably.

Given a set of types Args..., if std::declval<Args>()... meet the requirements for arguments to ranges::end above, __end_fn models

• std::invocable<__end_fn, Args...>,
• std::invocable<const __end_fn, Args...>,
• std::invocable<__end_fn&, Args...>, and
• std::invocable<const __end_fn&, Args...>.
  

Otherwise, no function call operator of __end_fn participates in overload resolution.

Notes

If the argument is an rvalue (i.e. T is an object type) and ranges::enable_borrowed_range<std::remove_cv_t<T>> is false, or if it is of an array type of unknown bound, the call to ranges::end is ill-formed, which also results in substitution failure.

If ranges::end(std::forward<T>(t)) is valid, then decltype(ranges::end(std::forward<T>(t))) and decltype(ranges::begin(std::forward<T>(t))) model std::sentinel_for in all cases, while T models std::ranges::range.

The C++20 standard requires that if the underlying end function call returns a prvalue, the return value is move-constructed from the materialized temporary object. All implementations directly return the prvalue instead. The requirement is corrected by the post-C++20 proposal P0849R8 to match the implementations.

Example

Run this code

#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <ranges>
#include <vector>
 
int main() 
{
    std::vector<int> v = { 3, 1, 4 };
    namespace ranges = std::ranges;
    if (ranges::find(v, 5) != ranges::end(v)) {
        std::cout << "found a 5 in vector v!\n";
    }
 
    int a[] = { 5, 10, 15 };
    if (ranges::find(a, 5) != ranges::end(a)) {
        std::cout << "found a 5 in array a!\n";
    }
}

Output:

found a 5 in array a!

See also

ranges::cend (C++20)	returns a sentinel indicating the end of a read-only range (customization point object)
ranges::begin (C++20)	returns an iterator to the beginning of a range (customization point object)
endcend (C++11)(C++14)	returns an iterator to the end of a container or array (function template)