std::ranges::view_interface<D>::back

 

C++

Compiler support

Freestanding and hosted

Language

Standard library headers

Named requirements

Feature test macros (C++20)

Language support library

Concepts library (C++20)

Metaprogramming library (C++11)

Diagnostics library

General utilities library

Strings library

Containers library

Iterators library

Ranges library (C++20)

Algorithms library

Numerics library

Localizations library

Input/output library

Filesystem library (C++17)

Regular expressions library (C++11)

Concurrency support library (C++11)

Technical specifications

Symbols index

External libraries

 

Ranges library

Range access
begin cbegin end cend	rbegin crbegin rend crend	size ssize data cdata	empty
Range conversions
to (C++23)
Range primitives
range_size_trange_difference_t range_value_t	range_reference_trange_const_reference_trange_rvalue_reference_t   (C++23)	iterator_tconst_iterator_tsentinel_t (C++23)
Dangling iterator handling
dangling	borrowed_iterator_t	borrowed_subrange_t
Range concepts
range borrowed_range    sized_range constant_range (C++23)	common_range view viewable_range	input_range output_range forward_range	bidirectional_range random_access_range contiguous_range
Views
view_interface	subrange
Factories
empty_viewviews::empty iota_viewviews::iota	single_viewviews::single basic_istream_viewviews::istream	repeat_viewviews::repeat (C++23)(C++23)
Adaptors
ref_view views::all_tviews::all common_viewviews::common owning_view views::counted reverse_viewviews::reverse zip_viewviews::zip (C++23)(C++23) as_const_viewviews::as_const (C++23)(C++23) as_rvalue_viewviews::as_rvalue (C++23)(C++23)	take_viewviews::take take_while_viewviews::take_while drop_viewviews::drop drop_while_viewviews::drop_while zip_transform_viewviews::zip_transform (C++23)(C++23) adjacent_transform_viewviews::adjacent_transform (C++23)(C++23)   cartesian_product_viewviews::cartesian_product (C++23)(C++23)	elements_viewviews::elements keys_viewviews::keys values_viewviews::values transform_viewviews::transform adjacent_viewviews::adjacent (C++23)(C++23) slide_viewviews::slide (C++23)(C++23) stride_viewviews::stride (C++23)(C++23)	filter_viewviews::filter join_viewviews::join split_viewviews::split lazy_split_viewviews::lazy_split join_with_viewviews::join_with (C++23)(C++23) chunk_viewviews::chunk (C++23)(C++23) chunk_by_viewviews::chunk_by (C++23)(C++23)
Range adaptor objects
Range adaptor closure objects
Helper items
copyable-box	simple-view

 

std::ranges::view_interface

Member functions

empty (C++20)

operator bool (C++20)

data (C++20)

size (C++20)

front (C++20)

back (C++20)

operator[] (C++20)

 

constexpr decltype(auto) back()     requires ranges::bidirectional_range<D> && ranges::common_range<D>;	(1)	(since C++20)
constexpr decltype(auto) back() const     requires ranges::bidirectional_range<const D> && ranges::common_range<const D>;	(2)	(since C++20)

The default implementation of back() member function returns the last element in the view of the derived type. Whether the element is returned by value or by reference depends on the operator* of the iterator type.

1) Let derived be static_cast<D&>(*this). Equivalent to return *ranges::prev(ranges::end(derived));. The behavior is undefined if empty() is true (i.e. the beginning iterator compares equal to the sentinel), even if the iterator obtained in the same way is dereferenceable.

2) Same as (1), except that derived is static_cast<const D&>(*this).

Parameters

(none)

Return value

The last element in the view.

Notes

In C++20, no type derived from std::ranges::view_interface in the standard library provides their own back() member function.

However, following derived types cannot use the default implementations, as they never satisfy neither bidirectional_range nor common_range:

• std::ranges::basic_istream_view
• std::ranges::lazy_split_view
• std::ranges::split_view
• std::ranges::take_while_view

The inherited back() member function is available for std::ranges::empty_view, but a call to it always results in undefined behavior.

See also

rbegincrbegin (C++14)	returns a reverse iterator to the beginning of a container or array (function template)
ranges::rbegin (C++20)	returns a reverse iterator to a range (customization point object)
ranges::crbegin (C++20)	returns a reverse iterator to a read-only range (customization point object)